图书简介：
本书以国际贸易流程为基础框架，包含了绪论、国际贸易术语、商品描述、货物运输、货物运输保险、商品价格、支付工具、支付方式、索赔与不可抗力、谈判与磋商、进出口合同的履行以及国际贸易方式等主要内容。
本书既适合高等院校商务英语、国际贸易等涉外专业的本专科教学，也可作为对外贸感兴趣的读者的自学用书。

前    言
　　“国际贸易实务”是我国普通高等院校涉外经济专业的一门专业基础课程。随着我国经济的飞速发展以及全球经济一体化进程的加速，社会对于兼备专业知识和英语能力的复合型人才的需求急剧增加。面对这种变化，我国高等院校的教学环境也随之产生巨变，学科体系、教学措施和教学手段也不断完善和创新。2007年，教育部正式批准成立“商务英语”专业，用英语教授商务专业课程已成为一种必然的趋势。随着改革开放进程的加快，我国对外贸易的限制不断取消，并正逐步与国际接轨。在这个过程中，我国的外贸实务操作有其自身的特色，如一些特定的环节、行业规范和法律法规等。因此，该课程的教学不能完全依赖于外文原版教材的引进，我们需要编写适合本土教学需要的英文版国际贸易实务教材。
　　本书以国际贸易流程为基础框架，包含了绪论、国际贸易术语、商品描述、货物运输、货物运输保险、商品价格、支付工具、支付方式、索赔和不可抗力、谈判与磋商、进出口合同的履行以及国际贸易方式等内容。本书强调学以致用，具有较强的实践性、实用性和可操作性，适合各高校商务英语、国际贸易等涉外专业的本专科教学以及对外贸有兴趣的读者自学。本书具有如下特点：
　　(1) 全面性及系统性。本书系统介绍了进出口贸易的整个流程，结构完整，内容全面，语言浅显易懂。
　　(2) 新颖性和翔实性。教材融入了国际贸易领域的最新发展与变化，如反映了INCOTERMS 2010在国际贸易术语解释方面的新内容，2012年财政部、国家税务总局联合下发通知调整的相关出口退(免)税政策。2012年8月1日起，取消出口收汇核销单，出口退税由原来的两单两票调整为一单两票，这在第11章中也及时加以增补。本书的内容力图体现与时俱进的精神。
　　(3) 提供开篇案例或新闻导读。教材的每一章都以一个引人入胜的案例或财经新闻开篇，从而提高读者的阅读兴趣，提升学习效果。
　　(4) 引导对疑难问题的思考。将每章的重点、难点、热点问题提出并展开阐述，并配上相应的中文批注，使读者在学习掌握每章各知识点时做到重点突出，内容层次清晰，以提高学习效率，同时解决课时不足或自学困难等问题。
　　(5) 实践性和可操作性。在各章节适当位置配上相关的案例、流程图、合同条款以及法律条文和惯例，同时，在每章节的末尾配上相应的练习，以增强本书的实践性和可操作性。
　　参加本书编写的有卢立伟(第1章、第7章、第8章、第9章)、王芬(第4章、第6章)、杨婷(第2章、第5章)、蔡静(第10章、第12章)、陈逢丹(第3章、第11章)等。本书由卢立伟和王芬任主编，杨婷、蔡静、陈逢丹任副主编。
　　本书编写过程中参阅了近年来国内外相关学者的研究成果，参考文献仅反映了其中的主要部分，恕不能一一答谢。本书是集体努力的成果，受编者学识所限，难免有不足之处，希望广大读者和同行多多批评指正。
                                                            
                                                            
                                                            
                                                             编  者

目    录

Chapter 1　General Introduction to
International Trade 1
1.1  What Is International Trade 3
1.2  The Importance of International Trade 3
1.2.1  International Trade Restrictions 4
1.2.2  Differences Between International Trade and Domestic Trade 4
1.3  World Trade Organization 5
1.3.1  Overview 5
1.3.2  Functions of the WTO 6
1.3.3  Basic Principles 6
1.3.4  Missions 6
1.3.5  Formal Structure 7
1.4  Main Procedure of International Trade 9
1.4.1  Basic Procedure of Export 9
1.4.2　Basic Procedure of Import 12
1.5  Relative International Practice and
Laws 13
1.6  Overview of Contract 15
1.6.1  The Functions of a Written
Contract 15
1.6.2  The Essential Features of a
Legally Binding Contract 16
1.6.3  The General Contents of a Sales
Contract 16
1.7  Overview of This Book 18
Key Terms and Words 20
Exercises 20
Chapter 2  International Trade Terms 22
2.1  Introduction to Trade Terms 24
2.1.1  Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932 24
2.1.2  Revised American Foreign Trade
Definitions 1941 26
2.1.3  International Commercial
Terms 28
2.2  Introduction to Incoterms 2010 29
2.3  Incoterms 2000 vs. Incoterms 2010 54
2.4  Incoterms and Contract 64
2.5  Choice of Trade Terms 65
Key Terms and Words 66
Exercises 67
Chapter 3  Terms of Commodity 70
3.1  Name of Commodity 72
3.1.1  Commodity Naming Methods 72
3.1.2  HS Code 73
3.1.3  Name Clauses in the Contract 73
3.2  Quality of Commodity 74
3.2.1  Quality Stipulation Methods 75
3.2.2  Quality Latitude and Quality
Tolerance 81
3.2.3  Quality Clauses in the
Contract 82
3.3  Quantity of Commodity 82
3.3.1  Unit of Measurement 83
3.3.2  Calculation of weight 85
3.3.3  Quantity Allowance Clauses 87
3.3.4  Quantity Clauses in the
Contract 88
3.4  Packing of Commodity 89
3.4.1  Transport Packing 90
3.4.2  Sales Packing 96
3.4.3  Neutral Packing and
Designated Brand 98
3.4.4  Packing Clauses in
the Contract 98
Key Terms and Words 101
Exercises 102
Chapter 4  International Cargo
Transport 106
4.1　Containerization 108
4.1.1  Features of Container
Transportation 109
4.1.2  Types of Container 109
4.1.3  Freight of Container
Transportation 110
4.2  Modes of Transportation 112
4.2.1  Marine Transport 112
4.2.2  Air Transportation 125
4.2.3　Railway Transportation 126
4.2.4  International Multi-modal
Transport 126
4.2.5　Land Bridge Transport 127
4.2.6　Postal Transport 127
4.2.7　Pipelines Transport 127
4.3　Shipment Clauses in sales Contract 128
4.3.1  Time of Shipment and Time of
Delivery 128
4.3.2  Port of Shipment and Port of
Destination 129
4.3.3  Shipping Advice 130
4.3.4  Partial Shipment and
Transshipment 130
4.3.5  Lay Time, Demurrage and
Dispatch 131
Key Terms and Words 133
Exercises 133
Chapter 5  International Cargo Transport
Insurance 136
5.1  Principles of Cargo Insurance 138
5.1.1  Principle of Insurable
Interest 138
5.1.2  Principle of Utmost
Good Faith 138
5.1.3  Principle of Indemnity 139
5.1.4  Principle of Proximate
Cause 140
5.2  The Definition of Insurance 140
5.3  Parties to the insurance 141
5.3.1  Insurer 141
5.3.2  Insured 142
5.3.3  Brokers 142
5.4  Marine Insurance 142
5.4.1  Risks 143
5.4.2　Losses 143
5.4.3  Expenses 145
5.5  Scope of Insurance Coverage 146
5.5.1  Basic Coverage 147
5.5.2　Additional Risks 148
5.6  Coverage of Marine Cargo
Insurance of ICC 152
5.6.1　Institute Cargo Clauses A 152
5.6.2　Institute Cargo Clauses B 153
5.6.3　Institute Cargo Clauses C 153
5.6.4  Major Exclusion 155
5.7　Procedures of Marine Insurance 155
5.7.1  Gather Information 155
5.7.2  Choose the Insurance
Coverage 156
5.7.3  Get Quotes 156
5.7.4  Pay the Insurance Premium 156
5.7.5  Purchase the Insurance
Policy 157
5.7.6  Lodge an Insurance Claim 158
5.8　Insurance Clauses in Contract 159
Key Terms and Words 161
Exercises 162
Chapter 6  Price of Goods 165
6.1  Price Elements 167
6.1.1  Pricing Principles 167
6.1.2　Pricing Consideration 168
6.1.3　Pricing Methods 169
6.1.4  Pricing Composition 172
6.1.5  Currency Option 174
6.2  Calculation of ?Price 175
6.3  Export Cost Accounting 177
6.4  Commission and Discount 178
6.4.1  Price Including Commission 179
6.4.2  Price with discount 179
6.5  Price Clause in Sales Contract 180
Key Terms and Words 181
Exercises 181
Chapter 7  Credit Instruments 183
7.1  Summary of Instruments 185
7.1.1  Definition of Instruments 185
7.1.2  Essential Features of Negotiable
Instruments 185
7.1.3  Functions of Negotiable
Instruments 186
7.1.4  The Legal System of
Instruments 187
7.2  Bill of Exchange (Draft, Bill) 189
7.2.1  Definition of Bill of
Exchange 189
7.2.2  Contents of a Bill of
Exchange 190
7.2.3  The Acts of Bills of
Exchange 193
7.2.4  The Classification of
the Drawer 197
7.2.5  The Order of Making
Recourse 199
7.3  Promissory Note 199
7.3.1  Definition of Promissory
note 199
7.3.2  The Definition from the Negotiable
Instruments  Law of the People’s
Republic of China 200
7.3.3  The Key Elements in the
Promissory Note 200
7.3.4  Classification of Promissory
Notes 201
7.3.5  Differences Between a Promissory
Note and a Bill of Exchange 201
7.4  Check (Cheque) 202
7.4.1  Definition of Check 202
7.4.2  Classification of Check 203
7.4.3  Differences Between a Check and
a Bill of Exchange 203
Key Terms and Words 204
Exercises 204
Chapter 8  International Payment and
Settlement 208
8.1  Remittance 210
8.1.1　The Definition of
Remittance 210
8.1.2　Parties to an Remittance 210
8.1.3  The Classification of
Remittance 211
8.1.4  Reimbursement of
Remittance Cover 214
8.1.5  Cancel the Remittance or
Refund the Imbursement 215
8.1.6  The Application of Remittance in
International trade 216
8.2  Collection 217
8.2.1  Definition of Collection 219
8.2.2  Nature of Collection 219
8.2.3  Procedure of Documentary
Collection 219
8.2.4  The Involved Parties in
Collection 220
8.2.5  Types of Collection 220
8.2.6  The Property, Advantages and
Disadvantages 223
8.2.7  The Rules of Uniform Rules for
Collections 522 (URC522) 223
8.2.8　Points for Attention for
Collection 224
8.2.9  Risk and Protection for Exporters
and Importers 224
8.2.10  Financing under the
Collection 225
8.3  The Letter of Credit 227
8.3.1  The definition of L/C 227
8.3.2  Parties to a Letter of Credit 228
8.3.3  The Procedure of Credit L/C 230
8.3.4  Characteristics of a Letter of
Credit 238
8.3.5  The Use of a Letter of Credit 238
8.3.6  Contents of a Letter of
Credit 239
8.3.7  The Varieties of Documentary
Credit 240
8.3.8  Other Special Credits 244
8.3.9  Combined Use of Different
Methods of Payment 248
Key Terms and Words 250
Exercises 252
Chapter 9  Inspection, Claims, Force
Majeure and Arbitration 260
9.1  Inspection 262
9.1.1  The Implication of Commodity
Inspection 263
9.1.2  The Importance of Commodity
Inspection 263
9.1.3  Import and Export Commodity
Inspection 264
9.1.4  Time and Place of
Inspection 264
9.1.5  Inspection Standard 266
9.1.6  Inspection Certificate 267
9.1.7  Inspection Clause 268
9.1.8  Inspection procedures 268
9.2  Claim 269
9.2.1  Breach of Contract 271
9.2.2  Liabilities of Breach of
Contract 271
9.2.3  Valid Term for Claim 272
9.3  Force Majeure 273
9.3.1  Definition of Force Majeure 273
9.3.2  Features of Force Majeure 273
9.3.3  Consequences of Force
Majeure 274
9.3.4  Force Majeure Clause 274
9.4  Arbitration 276
9.4.1  The Definition of Arbitration 276
9.4.2  Characteristics of Arbitration 277
9.4.3  Arbitration Clauses 277
Key Terms and Words 280
Exercise 280
Chapter 10  Business Negotiation and
Establishment of
Contract 283
10.1  The General Process of Business
 Negotiation 285
10.2  Enquiry 287
10.2.1  Types of Enquiry 287
10.2.2  Guidelines for Writing Enquiries
 and Replies 288
10.3  Offer 289
10.3.1  The Meaning of an Offer 289
10.3.2  Types of an Offer 289
10.3.3  Four Necessary Conditions of
 a Firm Offer 291
10.3.4  Time of Validity or Duration of
 an Offer 292
10.3.5  Withdrawal or Revocation of
 an Offer 294
10.3.6  Termination of an Offer 294
10.4  Counter-offer 295
10.5  Acceptance 296
10.5.1  The Meaning of
 Acceptance 296
10.5.2  Effective Time of
 Acceptance 297
10.5.3  Late Acceptance 297
10.5.4  Withdrawal of Acceptance 298
10.6  Conclusion of Contract 299
10.6.1  Necessary Conditions of
 an Effective Contract 299
10.6.2  Forms of a Written
 Contract 299
10.6.3  Structure of a Written
 Contract 299
Key Terms and Words 306
Exercises 307
Chapter 11  Exporting and Importing
Procedures 311
11.1  Exporting Procedures 314
11.1.1  Preparation Stage of Export
 Contract 315
11.1.2  Negotiation Stage of Export
 Contract 317
11.1.3  Performance Stage of Export
 Contract 320
11.2  Importing Procedures 343
11.2.1  Preparation Stage of Import
 Contract 344
11.2.2  Negotiation Stage of Import
 Contract 346
11.2.3  Performance Stage of Import
 Contract 347
Key Terms and Words 355
Exercises 356
Chapter 12  Modes of International
Trade 358
12.1  Agency and Distribution 359
12.1.1  Agency 359
12.1.2  Distribution 360
12.2  Consignment 361
12.2.1  Definition 361
12.2.2  Features 361
12.2.3  The Advantages and Disadvantages
 of consignment 362
12.3  Tenders and Auction 363
12.3.1  Tenders 363
12.3.2  Auction 365
12.4  Counter Trade 366
12.4.1  Main Reasons Why Counter Trade
 is Employed 366
12.4.2  Specific Forms of Counter
 Trade 367
12.5  Futures Trading 369
12.5.1  Introduction to Futures
 Trading 369
12.5.2  Main Types of Futures
 Traders 371
12.5.3  Danger of Futures Trading 372
12.6  E-commerce 372
12.6.1  Definition of E-commerce 373
12.6.2  Types of E-commerce 374
12.6.3  Benefits of E-commerce 376
12.6.4  Limitations of E-commerce 377
12.6.5  Tips for Running a successful
 E-commerce Business 378
12.6.6  The Future of E-commerce 379
Key Terms and Words 380
Exercises 381
References 382