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测绘学英语

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  • 商品货号:2014070814
  • 所属系列:大学软件学院软件开发系列教材
    商品重量:0克
    作者:马振利、张继超、任东风、范强、刘茂华
    出版社:清华大学出版社
    图书书号/ISBN:9787302363088
    出版日期:2014.07
    开本:16
    图书页数:320
    图书装订:平装
    版次:1-1
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    字数:483千字
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图书简介:
        该教材按照国内多数高校测绘工程专业“数字测图原理与方法”课程大纲要求,结合中国测绘技术现状并参考英美等国测绘技术特点,采用全英文系统地介绍了测绘学基础的理论与技术,包括:测绘学(Geomatics)的基本概念与发展变革、高程测量、角度测量、距离测量、误差理论与简易平差方法、小区域控制测量、大比例尺数字测图和地形图应用等教学内容。每章均附有习题和参考答案,附录中还包括以中文总结了该课程的知识要点和该教材中出现的500余条术语的英中文对照。
       该书可以作为本科“数字测图原理与方法”课程进行双语教学和“测绘英语”课程的教材,也可以作为研究生相关课程的教材和测绘工程技术人员的参考书。

序    言
  2005年,主编主讲的一门课程“测绘学基础”(过去称为“地形测量学”或“普通测量学”,现在亦称“数字测图原理与方法”)被评为辽宁省本科精品课程,却苦于没有配套的英文教材进行双语教学。当时虽设法搜集了英、美等国家高校类似的教材,但其涉及的知识体系和内容与我国测绘学科对该门课程的教学要求相去甚远,完全不适应中国国情和测绘工程专业的实际情况。为此,我们只好自行编写了一部符合国内测绘专业使用的英文教材“Fundamentals of Geomatics in English”。到2009年,将其作为内部双语教学的教材先后修改和印制了3次,在测绘工程、地理信息系统和资源环境与城乡规划管理3个本科专业的“测绘学基础”课程教学中试用了10个学期。
  本书涵盖了有关测绘学基础理论和技术,重点介绍数字测图的原理与方法,内容包括:第一章绪论;第二章测绘学的基本理论与知识;第三章水准测量;第四章角度测量;第五章距离测量;第六章测量误差理论;第七章小区域控制测量;第八章大比例尺地形图测绘;第九章地形图的应用。同时,每章均配合本章教学内容安排了若干习题。此外,考虑到学生掌握专业英语阅读和实际需要的具体情况,在附录中包括了中英文对照的各章节知识要点与习题参考答案及本书中出现的500余条个专业词汇的英中文对照。
  本书适合测绘工程及相近专业的“测绘学”等课程,用于双语教学或“测绘英语”课程,同时也适合测绘工程领域内科技人员阅读和研究生的专业考试的复习之用。
  本书与其他两部英文教材的研究与编写,是辽宁省高等教育教学改革研究项目“测绘工程专业主干课双语教学研究与实践”的成果之一,并于2012年5月8日获得国家首届“测绘地理信息教学成果奖”。
  参加本书编写和绘图的有:中国矿业大学银川学院马振利、黄恒,辽宁工程技术大学裴亮、王崇倡、张继超、任东风、范强,沈阳建筑大学任家强、刘茂华等老师。
  编写一部适应中国国情的测绘专业英文教材,是我们的一次斗胆尝试,敬请各位专家学者和使用本教材的读者对书中可能出现的技术错误和“Chinglish”现象给予批评斧正,对此深表谢意。
  此次本书得以正式出版,首先十分感谢清华大学出版社的各位编辑。其次,对本教材修改中提出宝贵意见的各位任课教师和学生们表示深深的谢意。
  
  
  编  者 
  
  
  

  
Preface
  Nowadays, more and more attention has been paid to the subject Geo-Spatial Information Science or Geomatics. It mainly includes the 3-S techniques, that is, GNSS (global navigation satellite system), GIS (geographic information system), and RS (remote sensing), together with its two supporting technologies—computers and communications used to collect, measure, analyze, store, manage, display, and distribute geo-spatial data. Geomatics is a preceding field in earth science and it is a significant element in geographic information science.
  It is still in its infant period, an integrated theoretical structure is badly in need of being built. Particularly the techniques for geo-spatial data collection, storage, management, representation, and distribution want also to be developed.
  In order to introduce the principal technology and knowledge of modern surveying theory and practice, this English version is published and referred currently to as “Fundamentals of Geomatics”, namely “Elementary Surveying and Mapping”. Since the new term, Geomatics, is now generally accepted in a majority of countries worldwide, and is consistent with modern theory and practice as currently evolving in China, it is an advisable addition to the textbook’s title. It is expected that this version will not only meet the needs of higher education in the bilingual teaching for the specialty of surveying and mapping, but be suitable for the engineers of spatial data users in various other engineering fields.
  The authors\compilers have developed a professional level text designed mainly for sophomore students majored in Surveying and Mapping Engineering, Geographical Information System, and Urban and Rural Planning and Resource Management, and endeavored to present a readable text that provides basic concepts and practical knowledge in each of the areas fundamental to modern surveying (geomatics) practicality. The textbook introduces primary theory and practice in surveying engineering, but its depth and breadth also make it ideal for professional surveyors in self-study. Throughout the text, the authors/compilers have maintained its consistence with all relevant professional standards.
  Meanwhile, this book tries to emphasize the theory and practice in topographical survey because it is the integrated application of elementary surveying knowledge. Students are hoped to learn deep into the subject in the other courses such as Geodetic Surveying, Photogrammetry, Survey Adjustment, Global Positioning System, Remote Sensing, Engineering Surveying, Mining Surveying, Cadastration, Cartography, Geographical Information System, Route Survey and so on in the junior and senior years. At the end of each chapter, there are a number of exercises closely related to the chief topics. Completing both the students and other readers can review the key points in teaching and promote one’s capability of analyzing and resolving problems.
  For the sake of improving future editions, the authors/compilers will gratefully accept any workable suggestions or constructive criticisms from all the users including the surveyors in various fields, the university faculties and students.
  
  
    MA, Zhenli 
    
    
    
  Contents
Chapter 1  Introduction 1
§1.1  DEFINITION OF GEOMATICS 1
§1.2  BRANCHES OF GEOMATICS 3
§1.3  HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF GEOMATICS 6
Problems and Exercises 8
Chapter 2  Basic Concepts of Surveying 9
§2.1  THE EARTH, GEOID AND ELLIPSOID 9
2.1.1  The Shape and Size of the Earth 9
2.1.2  Geoid and Ellipsoid 10
2.1.3  Reference Ellipsoids 11
§2.2  POSITIONING OF POINTS ON THE GROUND 12
2.2.1  Independent Planar Coordinate Systems 12
2.2.2  Geographic Coordinate Systems 13
2.2.3  Gauss-Kruger Planar Coordinate System 15
§2.3  RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 17
2.3.1  Reference Directions 18
2.3.2  Azimuths and Bearings 19
2.3.3  Principle of Coordinates Computation 22
§2.4  INTRODUCTION TO MAPS 24
2.4.1  Maps 24
2.4.2  Map Scales 26
2.4.3  Contours 28
Problems and Exercises 32
Chapter 3  Leveling 35
§3-1  GENERAL BACKGROUND 35
3.1.1  Leveling Terms 35
3.1.2  Vertical Datum of China 37
3.1.3  Principles of Direct Leveling 38
§3.2  CURVATURE AND REFRACTION 39
3.2.1  Effect from the Earth’s Curvature 39
3.2.2  Effect from the Atmospheric Refraction 39
§3.3  LEVELING METHODS 40
3.3.1  Vertical Distances Measuring 41
3.3.2  Direct Leveling 41
3.3.3  Barometric Leveling 42
3.3.4  Trigonometric Leveling 42
§3.4  EQUIPMENT FOR DIRECT LEVELING 46
3.4.1  Telescopes 46
3.4.2  Level Vials 48
3.4.3  Tilting Levels 50
3.4.4  Automatic Levels 50
3.4.5  Electronic Digital Levels 51
3.4.6  Hand Level 53
3.4.7  Leveling Tripods and Rods 54
§3.5  FIELD AND OFFICE WORK FOR LEVELING 55
3.5.1  Operation for Leveling 55
3.5.2  Differential Leveling 57
3.5.3  Office Work in Leveling 62
§3.6  LEVEL TESTING AND ADJUSTING 65
3.6.1  Requirements for Level Testing and Adjusting 65
3.6.2  Parallax Adjusting 66
3.6.3  Circular Level Testing and Adjusting 67
3.6.4  Preliminary Adjustment of the Horizontal Cross Hair 68
3.6.5  Sightline Testing and Adjusting (Angle i Testing) 68
§3.7  SOURCES OF ERROR IN DIRECT LEVELING 70
3.7.1  Instrumental Errors 70
3.7.2  Personal Errors 71
3.7.3  Natural Errors 73
3.7.4  Mistakes 75
3.7.5  Errors Reducing and Mistakes Eliminating 76
Problems and Exercises 76
Chapter 4  Angles Measurement 83
§4.1  GENARAL BACKGROUND 83
4.1.1  Reference Directions for Vertical Angles 83
4.1.2  Meridians 84
4.1.3  Horizontal Angles 85
4.1.4  Azimuths 85
4.1.5  Bearings 85
4.1.6  Reverse Azimuth 86
4.1.7  Azimuth Calculations 86
§4.2  THEODOLITES 87
4.2.1  Classification of Theodolites 87
4.2.2  Geometrical Principle of Optical Theodolite 88
4.2.3  Optical Theodolite Components 89
4.2.4  Reading Devices and Methods 90
§4.3  MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES 92
4.3.1  Theodolite Setup 92
4.3.2  Object Sighting and Aiming Marks 93
4.3.3  Horizontal Angle Measurement 94
4.3.4  Station Computations 96
§4.4  MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLES 98
4.4.1  The Uses of Vertical Angle 98
4.4.2  Structure of Vertical Circle 99
4.4.3  Vertical Angles 99
4.4.4  Zenith Angles 100
4.4.5  Index Error of Vertical Circle 101
§4.5  THEODOLITE TESTING AND ADJUSTING 103
4.5.1  Plate Bubble Axis Perpendicular to Vertical Axis 104
4.5.2  Vertical Cross-Hair Perpendicular to Horizontal Axis 104
4.5.3  Optical Axis Perpendicular to Horizontal Axis 105
4.5.4  Horizontal Cross-hairs Lies on the Sight Axis 106
4.5.5  Circular Level 106
4.5.6  Optical Plummet 107
§4.6  ELECTRONIC THEODOLITES 107
4.6.1  Configuration of Electronic Theodolite 107
4.6.2  Use of Electronic Theodolite 109
Problems and Exercises 109
Chapter 5  Distance Measurement 113
§5.1  METHODS OF DISTANCE DETERMINATION 113
5.1.1  Pacing 113
5.1.2  Odometer 114
5.1.3  Tachometry 114
5.1.4  Subtense Bar 115
5.1.5  Taping 115
5.1.6  EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) 116
§5.2  DISTANCE MEASUREMENT BY STEEL TAPING 116
5.2.1  Taping Equipment and Accessories 117
5.2.2  Maintenance of Tapes and Other Accessories 119
5.2.3  Taping on Level Ground 119
5.2.4  Horizontal Measurements on Sloping Ground 121
5.2.5  Slope Measurements 122
§5.3  TAPES VERIFYING AND ERRORS IN TAPING 123
5.3.1  Length Correct 123
5.3.2  Temperature Correct 124
5.3.3  Tension Inconsistent 124
5.3.4  Tape Sag 125
5.3.5  Tape Sloping 125
5.3.6  Tape off Line 126
5.3.7  Improper Plumbing 126
5.3.8  Faulty Marking 126
5.3.9  Incorrect Reading or Interpolation 126
5.3.10  Equation of Taping Length and Tape Verifying 126
§5.4  PRINCIPLES & METHOD OF STADIA RANGING 129
5.4.1  Concept for Stadia 129
5.4.2  Principle and Formulas of Stadia Measurement 129
§5.5  ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS 132
5.5.1  General Background 132
5.5.2  Principle of EDM 133
5.5.3  Measurements with EDM instruments 135
5.5.4  Errors Sources in EDM 136
5.5.5  Reductions 137
§5.6  TOTAL STATIONS 137
5.6.1  General background to Total Station Instruments 137
5.6.2  Survey System with Total Stations 138
5.6.3  General Survey Methods 139
5.6.4  Using Total Stations 140
5.6.5  Miscellaneous Useful Screens, Commands, and Keys 142
Problems and Exercises 143
Chapter 6  Theory of Errors and Survey Adjustment 145
§6.1  INTRODUCTION TO SURVEY ERRORS 145
6.1.1  Measurement Errors 145
6.1.2  Sources of Errors in Observation 147
6.1.3  Classifications of Errors 147
6.1.4  Some Definitions 148
6.1.5  Eliminating Mistakes and Systematic Errors 149
6.1.6  Probability 150
6.1.7  The Most Probable Value 150
6.1.8  Residuals/Corrections 151
§6.2  CHARACTERISTICS OF RANDOM ERRORS 152
6.2.1  Occurrence of Random Error 152
6.2.2  General Laws of Probability 153
§6.3  MEASURES OF PRECISION 155
6.3.1  Mean Square Error 155
6.3.2  Relative Errors 157
6.3.3  Allowable Error 158
§6.4  LAW OF ERROR PROPAGATION 158
6.4.1  Error of a Sum 159
6.4.2  Error of a Series 159
6.4.3  Error in a Product 160
6.4.4  Error of the Mean 161
§6.5  DIRECT ADJUSTMENT FOR EQUAL-PRECISION OBSERVATIONS 162
6.5.1  Background of Survey Adjustment 162
6.5.2  Least Squares Method 163
6.5.3  Arithmetic Mean 165
6.5.4  Estimation of Precisions of Arithmetic Mean 165
§6.6  DIRECT ADJUSTMENT FOR UNEQUAL-PRECISION OBSERVATIONS 168
6.6.1  Conditional Adjustment of Observation 168
6.6.2  Weight of Observation 168
6.6.3  Least Squares Adjustment 169
6.6.4  Weighted Arithmetic Mean 170
6.6.5  Functions of Weight 171
6.6.6  Unit Weight 172
6.6.7  Weight Computations 172
6.6.8  Law of Weight Reciprocal Propagation 174
6.6.9  Precision Estimation 175
Problems and Exercises 179
Chapter 7  Control Survey for Small Areas 185
§7.1  INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SURVEY 185
7.1.1  Plane Control Survey 185
7.1.2  Vertical Control Survey 187
7.1.3  Control Survey over Minor Area 188
§7.2  FIELD WORK IN TRAVERSING 189
7.2.1  Classification of Traverses 189
7.2.2  Field Work in Traversing 191
7.2.3  Method of Tree-tripods 192
§7.3  OFFICE WORK IN TRAVERSING 193
7.3.1  Departure and Latitude from Planar Coordinates 194
7.3.2  Checking and Reducing Angles and Distances 195
7.3.3  Adjusting?Angles 195
7.3.4  Adjusting?Coordinates 198
§7.4  TRIANGULATION 201
7.4.1  Survey Methods Using Triangles 201
7.4.2  Patterns of Triangulation 202
7.4.3  Tasks of Triangulation 203
7.4.4  Survey Procedures 203
7.4.5  Triangulation Computations 204
§7.5  INTERSECTION 205
7.5.1  Patterns of Intersection 206
7.5.2  Intersection Computations 207
§7.6  INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM 208
7.6.1  Principles of GPS 209
7.6.2  The Configuration of GPS Satellite System 209
7.6.3  Methods 210
7.6.4  Positioning Techniques 212
7.6.5  Sources of GPS Signal Errors 214
7.6.6  Smart-Stations 215
Problems and Exercises 216
Chapter 8  Topographical Mapping with Large Scales 219
§8.1  INTRODUCTION TO MAP MAKING 219
8.1.1  Topographic Maps 219
8.1.2  Methods for Topographical Surveying 220
8.1.3  Mapping Control Surveys 220
8.1.4  Requirements for Topographic Survey 221
§8.2  FEATURES DRAWING ON MAPS 223
8.2.1  Topographic Maps and Thematic Maps 223
8.2.2  Topographic Drawing 223
8.2.3  Map Symbology 224
8.2.4  Plans 225
§8.3  FIELD WORK OF MAPPING 225
8.3.1  Location of Contours 225
8.3.2  Methods of Obtaining Topography 226
8.3.3  Specifications and Error Analysis in Topographic Surveys 227
§8.4  GRAPHIC MAPPING USING PLANE-TABLE 228
8.4.1  Introduction to Graphic Mapping 228
8.4.2  Plane-table 229
8.4.3  Setup a Plane-table 230
8.4.4  Locating Details by a Plane-table 230
§8.5  DIGITAL MAPPING USING TOTAL STATIONS 231
8.5.1  Introduction 231
8.5.2  Procedures on a Station 233
8.5.3  Setting-Up a Backsight 233
8.5.4  Azimuth Mark 234
8.5.5  Measurement 234
8.5.6  Radial Shooting 235
8.5.7  Outcrop Mapping 236
8.5.8  Traverse 236
8.5.9  Data Retrieval and Arrangement 237
Problems and Exercises 238
Chapter 9  Application of Topographic Maps 239
§9.1  GENERAL APPLICATIONS 239
9.1.1  Determining the Elevation of a Point 239
9.1.2  Determining the Rectangular Coordinates of any Point 240
9.1.3  Determining the Azimuth and the Horizontal Distance of a Line Segment 241
§9.2  AREA MEASUREMENT ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS 242
9.2.1  Area Measured by Planimeter 242
9.2.2  Area Measured by Coordinates 244
9.2.3  Area Measured by Irregular Figures 245
§9.3  APPLICATION OF MAPS IN CONSRUCTION 247
9.3.1  Topographic Profiles 247
9.3.2  Determining the Catchment Area 248
9.3.3  Determining the Shortcut Path According to a Specific Gradient 248
9.3.4  Volumes from Contour Lines 249
Problems and Exercises 251
Appendix A  《测绘学基础》知识要点与习题答案 253
Appendix B  Vocabulary in Geomatics 295
References 303
  

  

  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  
  
    
    
    
    
    
    

  

  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  
 

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